![]() ![]() ![]() × uplandicum is generally more bristly and has flowers which tend to be more blue or violet. asperum, Symphytum × uplandicum, also known as Blue Comfrey, or Russian comfrey, which is widespread in the British Isles, and which interbreeds with S. Ī common hybrid is formed between Symphytum officinale and S. They are coiled at first and then open out. Between May and June it bears small bell-shaped flowers of various colours, typically cream, white, pink or purplish. The leaves on the stem have margins which extends down the stems. It is a perennial herb with a black, turnip-like root and large, hairy broad leaves. The hardy plant can grow to a height of 1–3 ft (0.3–0.9 m). ![]() Description and botany Ĭomfrey is a perennial plant found in moist grasslands in western Asia, Europe, and North America. Also the roots could be mashed then packed around a broken limb, when dried they formed a hardened 'plaster cast'. Its early common names, knitbone or boneset, reflect its historical use by poultices of leaves and roots to treat sprains, bruises or bone fractures. Over centuries, comfrey was cultivated in Asia, Europe, and the United Kingdom as a vegetable and herbal medicine. Internal or long-term topical use of comfrey is discouraged due to its strong potential to cause liver toxicity. The flowers are mostly visited by bumblebees. It occurs elsewhere, including North America, as an introduced species and sometimes a weed. It is locally frequent throughout Ireland and Britain on river banks and ditches. It is native to Europe, growing in damp, grassy places. Other English names include Quaker comfrey, cultivated comfrey, boneset, knitbone, consound, and slippery-root. To differentiate it from other members of the genus Symphytum, this species is known as common comfrey or true comfrey. Along with thirty four other species of Symphytum, it is known as comfrey. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Symphytum officinale is a perennial flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae. Topical preparations that contain comfrey extract may have a great application in the treatment of skin irritation. Our results indicate that the biological activity of the comfrey root extract cannot be attributed only to allantoin but is also likely the result of the interaction of different compounds present in AECR. Creams showed better effect on hydration and EI compared with the gels that contained the same components. Pharmaceutical preparations that contained AECR showed better anti-irritant potential compared with PA. Aqueous extract of the comfrey root effect on cell proliferation in concentrations higher than 40 µg/ml was significantly stimulatory for L929 but inhibitory for MDCK cells. Pure allantoin showed mild inhibitory effect on proliferation of both cell lines at concentrations 40 and 100 µg/ml, but more pronounced on MDCK cells. Anti-irritant potential was determined by measuring electrical capacitance, erythema index (EI) and transepidermal water loss of artificially irritated skin of young healthy volunteers, 3 and 7 days after application of creams and gels with PA or AECR. Cell viability and proliferation of epithelial (MDCK) and fibroblastic (L929) cell line were studied by using MTT test. ![]() This study investigates the biological activity of pure allantoin (PA) and aqueous extract of the comfrey ( Symphytum officinale L.) root (AECR) standardized to the allantoin content. ![]()
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